The Law of Attraction Quiz Series, Understanding and Applying the Law of Attraction

Do you truly understand the Law of Attraction well enough to obtain what you desire in your life? Take this quiz and find out.

The Law of Attraction sounds easy, doesn't it? But unless you know some key facts about the Law of Attraction, you may struggle to obtain what you desire. This little quiz will let you know if you understand and are applying the Law of Attraction to attract into your life your desires.

You have been applying the Law of Attraction your whole life and probably didn't even know it, but to become aware of the Law of Attraction is an important step to obtaining the life you so deserve. Many of us believe that just thinking positive thoughts will help us attain all we would like out of our lives. But there are some basics you should know about applying the LOA. Take this quiz to see how LOA savvy you really are.

Law of Attraction Question One:

You have one of those days when everyone seems to be agitated and impatient. Why is this happening?

A. It's just one of those days when everyone is being mean to me
B. I don't know why but I just want to get home to get away from people
C. It is a direct result of my past thoughts and feelings

Law of Attraction Question Two:

Besides love, what is the best feeling to emit in applying the Law of Attraction to obtain positive results continuously?

A. Competitiveness
B. Boasting
C. Gratitude

Law of Attraction Question Three:

Why does the Law of Attraction bring you what you want AND what you don't want?

A. Because the Universe brings me every feeling and thought that I have back to me
B. Because the Universe decides what is best for me
C. Because the Universe brings me what I MOSTLY focus on, whether it is a "want" or a "don't want"

Law of Attraction Question Four:

Why is it important to have a clear detailed image of what you desire?

A. Because it helps me to imagine much more easily
B. Because that is what the Universe wants
C. Because the Universe brings to me what I focus on and if my picture is unclear, the Universe has to fill in the gaps and my image may come to me distorted and different than I thought

Law of Attraction Question Five:

Is repetition important in the Law of Attraction?

A. Not really, just my positive thoughts will get me what I want
B. Yes because it helps me remember what my want is
C. Yes because the more I focus on my want (repetition) the better picture the Universe has to attract to me

Law of Attraction Question Six:

What causes a child to lose their natural ability to intentionally apply the Law of Attraction?

A. They just grow up
B. Getting a few knocks from life
C. Their 'family and friends' environment and their own perception of life

Law of Attraction Question Seven:

Which of these circumstances affects the abilities of applying the Law of Attraction?

A. The phases of the moon
B. What state my physical body is in
C. Listening to the opinions of others

Law of Attraction Question Eight:

When you come up to a problematic situation, what should you do when applying the Law of Attraction?

A. Look at the problem and see why it is problematic to you
B. Do nothing
C. Focus on the solution which is the want and don't focus on the problem which is the don't want

If you answered mostly A's or B's, you want to study much harder if you are to apply the Law of Attraction from a positive state. Try finding reliable information on the Law of Attraction to help you along so that you can intentionally create your ideal life.

If you answered A's, B's, and C's, you're on your way to learning about the Law of Attraction. Study this quiz and understand why the answers should all be C's. Keep finding answers so that you can live your life in ease at all times.

If you answered mostly C's, you are on your way to having everything you desire through the Law of Attraction. Keep studying and finding methods that work for you in attaining what you deserve in life. You have the knowledge now go out and use it to create a wonderful life for yourself through the Law of Attraction.

Law of Vibration – the Key to Understanding the Law of Attraction

Of all the universal laws, the law of attraction is both the most fascinating and the most misunderstood. Fascinating, because as humans we naturally want a tool to help create the life of our dreams, and the law of attraction can certainly help us to do that. Misunderstood because, unlike a tool that we can pull out and use now and again but is otherwise inactive, the law of attraction is operating in our lives constantly and independently, whether we are consciously aware of it, or believe in it, or not.

In other words, there is no need to engage the law of attraction, it is already at work in your life and always will be. So long as you are alive and breathing, the law of attraction is at work. This is great news! You are already using the law of attraction to create everything in your life whether you realise it or not. The results that you are experiencing: your career, finances, relationships, health, home, community, and so on, are a direct result of the law of attraction and your interaction with it in the form of thoughts and feelings.  

If you're not creating the kind of life you want though, chances are you are creating by default, allowing the law of attraction to bring you more and more of the same. Unfortunately, we weren't handed a life manual at birth and, for many of us, our parents were not aware of the law of attraction and so did not teach us.  At Attract Like Magic we are dedicated to helping you understand this powerful universal law and how you can begin to use the law of attraction to consciously create the life of your dreams. On the Attract Like Magic site, and in upcoming newsletters and articles, we will explore everything to do with the law of attraction and provide tools that will help you to harness its power.

But in order to really understand the law of attraction, you first need to understand another of the universal laws, the law of vibration.  

Law of Vibration

According to the law of vibration everything is made of energy and has a distinct frequency or vibration. With the advent of powerful enough technology, science now agrees. Quantum physicists have shown that, although matter may appear to be solid, when you look at it through a high-powered microscope so that it is broken down into its smallest components: molecules, atoms, neutrons, electrons and quanta (the smallest particles measurable), it is ultimately mostly empty space interspersed with energy.

In other words, at the quantum level, everything is comprised of energy and empty space and what makes you, your home, your car, the chair you're sitting in, seem solid is the frequency of the vibration of the energy that makes it up.

Not only does your body and all that you consider to be "you" have a distinct and unique vibration (or more correctly a mix of vibrations), but your creations, in the form of thoughts, also have distinct vibrations which affect or blend with your overall vibration.

In turn, your vibrations affect everything around you – your environment, the people and animals around you, the inanimate objects, even the seemingly 'empty' space and they, in turn, affect you. That's why, when you walk into a room where there was an earlier argument, you can sense it. We even use terms like "bad vibes", "you can feel the tension", and "you could cut the air in here with a knife" to describe it. In each case what we are referring to is the energy imprint of the earlier occupants.

Similarly, you may have gone to someone's home, office or business where, as soon as you entered, you felt the "good vibes" that filled the place. That's because, over time, a place becomes imbued with the energy imprints of the dominant vibrations of the people who live or work there. So a home, for example, can literally become filled with love or tension or anger or sadness or any other emotion, and that home will feel that way to a visitor even if none of the regular occupants are at home at the time. If you've ever entered such a place you may even have noticed how you just relaxed and felt good in response to the "good vibes" around you. Of course, the extent to which you take on the vibrations of the people and things around you is up to you – but for most people, this is not a conscious decision.

So, you are giving off vibrations every second of every day. You are also simultaneously receiving and translating the vibrations of everything and everyone around you. If we use the analogy of television, you are both a television transmitter, beaming out your own unique station, and also a television set or receiver, able to tune in to all the stations or frequencies being broadcast around you. Sometimes we refer to these incoming vibrations as intuition or "gut feelings".

So how do you know what your vibration is at any moment?

Simple - ask yourself how you are feeling.

Your emotions are a quick and handy guide to your vibration in any moment. If you feel loving, you are vibrating at the frequency of love; if you feel angry, you are vibrating at the frequency of anger; if you feel curious, you are vibrating at the frequency of curiosity, and those vibrations are received by everything and everyone around you. You are also, through the law of attraction, bringing to you more experiences that will match this vibration so when you feel angry the law of attraction will bring to you more experiences that will elicit the feeling of anger, you will attract angry people and find yourself in the middle of angry situations.

Have you ever had a day where you felt lousy, but tried to pretend that everything was OK to family, friends or co-workers? It doesn't work does it? Your friends, family or co-workers know straight away that you are not how you are pretending to be. They may ask if something is wrong, or comment that you don't seem to be your normal self. They pick up on the incongruence between what you are saying and your vibration. Because we are not used to explaining in terms of vibrations, they may attribute their knowing to something more mundane like tone of voice or body language, but even people without the full use of their senses can detect this type of incongruence.

To sum up, you are sending out vibrations every moment of every day. Those vibrations are a mix of your thoughts and feelings and they affect everything around you. At the same time you are also receiving and translating the vibrations of everything around you (which can, in turn, affect your vibration by how you react to them). Now that we understand vibration, let's look at how it interacts with the law of attraction.

Law of Attraction

The law of attraction, simply put, means energy attracts like energy. You may also have heard it expressed as "like attracts like', "that which is like unto itself is drawn" and even "thoughts become things".

The law of attraction is at work in your life every minute of every day. Your vibrations are constantly being broadcast to, and received, by the universe. This activates the law of attraction which then matches your vibrations and attracts to you similar vibrations in the form of people, things and situations in your life. In other words you are always creating your life through your thoughts and feelings. The conditions in your life, whether they are what you want or not, are always a match to your dominant vibrations.

The law of attraction, like all the universal laws, operates whether you are aware of it or not, or believe it or not. The often-used terms "what you focus on grows", "careful what you wish for (cause you just might get it)", "birds of a feather flock together" and "you can't get enough of what you don't want" are all examples of ways that we describe the law of attraction in action.

So, the question becomes - if your life is not how you would wish it to be, how do you change it? And the answer most often given by law of attraction and personal development teachers is a simple one - change your thoughts.

Simple - yes, but not easy. Here's why.

Somewhere between 94 - 98% of all thoughts are subconscious, that is, below or out of conscious awareness which means that only 2 – 6% of your thoughts are ever conscious. So, even if you managed to change all of your conscious thoughts to be positive, that still leaves an awful lot of subconscious thought, at least some of which would be negative, vibrating away in the background without you even being aware of it! If you're having trouble creating what you want in life, chances are your subconscious mind is at fault.

In our next article we will explore the subconscious mind and how it can interfere with your Law of Attraction efforts.

Labor Law Posters, It's the Law!

State and Federal Labor Law Posters are Required for Small Businesses and Other Employers.

Statutes and regulations enforced by agencies within the US Department of Labor require that labor law posters and/or work place notices be posted in the work place.

Job safety and health protection labor law poster; Occupational Safety and Health Administration oversee this labor law poster. Private employers engaged in a business affecting commerce must display this labor law poster.

Equal employment opportunity labor law poster; Employment Standards Administration and Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs oversee this labor law poster.  Involves Executive Order 11246, as amended; Section 503 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, as amended; 38 U.S.C. 4212 of the Vietnam Era Veterans' Readjustment Assistance Act of 1974, as amended, Entities holding federal contracts or subcontracts or federally assisted construction contracts of $10,000 or more; financial institutions which are issuing and paying agents for U.S. savings bonds and savings notes; depositories of federal funds or entities having government bills of lading must display this labor law poster.

Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) labor law poster; Minimum wage poster, Employment Standards Administration, Wage and Hour Division oversee this labor law poster. Every private, federal, state and local government employer employing any employee subject to the Fair Labor Standards Act, 29 USC 211, 29 CFR 516.4 posting of notices must display this labor law poster.

Employee Right for Workers with Disabilities/Special Minimum Wage Labor Law Poster; Employment Standards Administration, Wage and Hour Division oversee this labor law poster. Every employer having workers employed under special minimum wage certificates authorized by section 14(c) of the Fair Labor Standards Act must display this labor law poster.

Your rights under the family and medical leave act labor law poster; Employment Standards Administration, Wage and Hour Division oversee this labor law poster. Public agencies (including state, local, and federal employers), public and private elementary and secondary schools, as well as private sector employers who employ 50 or more employees in 20 or more work weeks and who are engaged in commerce or in any industry or activity affecting commerce, including joint employers and successors of covered employers must display this poster.

Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act (Notice for use by all employers) labor law poster; Veterans' Employment and Training Service labor law poster. The full text of this labor law poster must be provided by each employer to persons entitled to rights and benefits under USERRA.

Notice to all employees working on Federal or Federally financed construction projects (Davis-Bacon Act) labor law poster; Employment Standards Administration, Wage and Hour Division oversee this labor law poster. Any contractor/subcontractor engaged in contracts in excess of $2,000 for the actual construction, alteration/repair of a public building or public work or building or work financed in whole or in part from federal funds, federal guarantee, or federal pledge which is subject to the labor standards provisions of any of the acts listed in 29 CFR 5.1 must display this labor law poster.

Notice to employees working on government contracts (Service Contracts Act) labor law poster; Employment Standards Administration, Wage and Hour Division oversee this labor law poster. Every contractor or subcontractor engaged in a contract with the United States or the District of Columbia in excess of $2,500 the principal purpose of which is to furnish services in the U.S. through the use of service employees must display this labor law poster.

Notice: employee polygraph protection act labor law poster; Employment Standards Administration, Wage and Hour Division oversee this labor law poster. Any employer engaged in or affecting commerce or in the production of goods for commerce must display this labor law poster. Does not apply to federal, state and local governments, or to circumstances covered by the national defense and security exemption.

Notice migrant and seasonal agricultural worker protection act labor law poster; Employment Standards Administration, Wage and Hour Division oversee this labor law poster. Agricultural employers, agricultural associations and farm labor contractors must display this labor law posters.

Now is the time to think about updating your labor law posters to avoid fines and prevent lawsuits. Don't wait until you get fined get your mandatory labor law posters compliant today.  One less thing you have to "get a round too". Don't mess with the law, Osha compliance, and state and federal labor law poster posting requirements are Mandatory, get your Labor law posters updated today. Keep in mind that your state may require additional labor law poster postings.

The English Legal System: Why, How Laws are Made

THE ENGLISH LEGAL SYSTEM (Based on author's site www.geocities.com/lglsys)

Before one considers what laws are and how they are introduced into a society or a circumstance, it is necessary to consider...

WHY WE HAVE LAW

People's behaviour, sometimes, may lead to generally undesirable outcomes, injurious to one or more others physically or as repugnant. People have sought to establish some rules, to enable the smooth functioning of the societies in which they live, of a kind that themselves can sanction to avoid chaos.

WHAT ARE LAWS

The set of rules that regulate behaviour are laws; and those that regulate human behavior in ways that they can be legally sanctioned if breached are men's Legal Laws.

What the should be the basis of such rules, the extent of the limitations on man's actions, who and how should decide and organize them, apply the sanctions -with what safeguards against injustice and as defined by whom and how, and the growth of society -necessitating variations of them, and other such considerations, are essentially, also part of Law.

There has been the Authoritarian View -that law's intention should be to prevent wickedness, and the moral welfare of the society; and there has been the Libertarian View -that private morality and immorality is one's own business and not of law: e.g., the Misrepresentations Act 1967.

THE AIM OF LAW

The Libertarian view has been mostly preferred, aiming to ensure two things:-

1. Primarily, with minimum conflict with natural law, rules for the survival of the society (e.g. regarding murder, theft -mostly criminal in nature), against human greed and aggression.

2. Secondarily, to make allowance for growth, and complex situations by way of...

a. A system of adjudication for the settling of e.g. mercantile disputes

b. A system of who and how to change the rules as and when necessary

c. A system of recognition of the primary rules themselves as legal rules.

In a non-complex society an elected body should make, and publicize, and sanction, above all, Criminal Law (rules intended primarily for a simple society with a unity of purpose which is, above all, survival -regarded as being best ensured by considering it most important that the norm should not be

deviated from, to enable cohesion and solidarity).

In a complex society there being no unity of purpose and the emphasis being on the interdependency of the members of the society, deviance would not be the most important consideration, and the purpose and the function of any law would be, chiefly, between conflicting individual interests, to maintain a reasonable balance, mostly by Civil Law -for which reason in e.g. European Law the interests of the individual are paramount to those of the state.

ENGLISH LAW

Classification of English Law is as being, both, affected by, and incorporating in part -and increasingly, international law; it comprises of...

INTERNATIONAL LAW and NATIONAL LAW

INTERNATIONAL LAW

Britain must respect and meet the expectations of various international agreements in the application of its laws -whether binding on it or not, to maintain its political standing among other countries; and, often, such expectations are met by its own, voluntary, incorporating of such laws into English law. This is done, mostly, as a condition of its membership of the European Union, as and when it is directed by Europe -as in the case of the level of its water-purity and the European directive regarding a standard common to all member states of it, and as in the case of the requirement to treat as binding on itself e.g. the Single European Act 1986.

NATIONAL LAW

National Law, on the other hand, is that which is made by the state, for the state, and in Britain by its Parliament, intended, within the state, in this case within Britain alone -with variations for Scotland and Northern Ireland, to ensure the non-anarchic organizing and running of the society, in respects from less of consequence to those fundamental, increasingly as written-law, as:-

PRIVATE LAW and PUBLIC LAW

PRIVATE LAW

Private Law regulates the dealings of the individuals with each other within the state, under such headings as:-

Family Law, Tort, Property Law, Commercial Law

Family Law is a good example of the laws in this category; it deals with matters between individuals such as marriage, divorce, and matters arising as related rights -such as the custody of children, e.g. the Family Law Reform Act 1969.

Tort or Torts -as some prefer to call it (from the French word meaning wrong, or wrongs), is the private individual's right -if without financial assistance from the state s/he can, not to be civilly wronged by another, sometimes by an organization, in respects not contractual, sometimes including such as, with a very fine distinguishing line, may fall short of being criminal ~e.g. negligence, or the Occupiers' Liability Act 1957.

Property Law, also called Land Law, deals with matters of property, such as land that in practice is regarded as personal -although 'all land belongs to the Crown', and including matters of dispute over minerals under it and treasure trove, as well as dwellings on it and fittings, often dealt with by the Courts of Chancery -e.g., the Law of Property Act 1925.

Commercial Law comprises of laws of major importance in the dealings of individuals with others, such as:-

Mercantile Law, Consumer Law, and the Law of Contracts

Mercantile Law is the original body of laws that governed commercial dealings ~it was so called because it involved dealings of merchants with each other. As it developed, it concerned itself also with dealings between merchants and the consumer, and the occasional agreements between the individuals -which later grew into separate laws themselves. Almost exclusively, it deals with such matters as competition between traders, trademarks and patents, and e.g., bills of exchange under the Bills of Exchange Act 1982.

Consumer Law is from laws-merchant; it regulates the dealings of the individuals with merchants as to, e.g., the quality, and return, of goods purchased, deeming existent a collective contract between the consumers and any trader, as in the Sale of Goods Act 1977(as amended).

Contract Law is about the, not necessarily regular, agreements of individuals with others, on specific terms offered and accepted (unless under duress or by coercion), intending it to be legally binding, for consideration in return, e.g., under the Misrepresentations Act 1967.

PUBLIC LAW

This branch of the law governs the relationships between the state and other states, and between the individual and the state, under such major headings as:-

Constitutional Law, Administrative Law, Criminal Law

Constitutional Law is about the system, the framework, of who and how, and how come to, govern, by which laws how made and applied, as the state; e.g., the Parliaments Acts 1911, 1914.

Administrative Law defines and controls the limits of government, mostly protecting against absolute power, enabling complaints and appeals against the state -e.g., the Human Right Act 1998.

Criminal Law regulates such conduct of the individuals as are regarded to be against the society, actionably, punishably, by the state; e.g. Offences Against the Person Act 1861.

THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE LAW

The differences are, mainly, these:-

Public Law are those categories of law, such as Administrative, Constitutional, Criminal, which involve the conduct of the state in relation to itself, or in relation to society generally, through one or more individuals, or the conduct of the individual against the society -mostly through one or more other individuals, in representing the society.

Private Law, i.e., Family, Tort, Property, Commercial -with its branches, chiefly, involves the state as only the arbitrator in personal or collective dealings between the individuals.

THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CRIMINAL LAW AND CIVIL LAW

IF IT IS CRIMINAL LAW…

1. It is Public Law

2. It is between the state and the individual or organization

3. The state (Crown Prosecution Service) complains, prosecutes)

4. It is registered as R –v- name of the accused (R = Rex/Regina –the monarch)

5. Proof is the states, beyond reasonable doubt

6. It is dealt with by Magistrates, or by Crown Court

7. It is Not Guilty or Guilty and a Sentence –imprisonment/community-service/fine and trial costs unless on legal assistance

IF IT IS CIVIL LAW…

1. It is Private Law

2. Its is between individual/s and/or organization/s

3. The individual/s or the organization sues

4. It is Complainant (plaintiff) –v- Defendant (their names)

5. Proof is on a balance of probabilities

6. It is dealt with by a County Court or the High Court

7. It is a Judgment and the winner is awarded a remedy and, normally, costs

THE LEGISLATIVE PROCESS IN ENGLAND

The Sources of English Law

Main sources of law in England are:-

1. Legislation -including Delegated Legislation...

2. Precedent (Judge-made law) -which mostly comprises of the Laws of England and Wales and as (differently) applied in Northern Ireland (the basis being same of the slightly differing Scottish Law -and of the laws of many countries of the British Commonwealth)...

3. European Union Law -which is increasingly becoming the major source of English Law (expecting compliance with also the European Convention on Human Rights -the enhanced version of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights) -e.g., the Human Rights Act 1998 (implemented in 2000) incorporated into English and all United Kingdom law.

The Legislator, is the Parliament.

The Parliament is the House of Commons, and, the House of Lords -with the Monarch.

The House of Commons are the elected representatives ~mostly from political parties -with committees and 'whips' (who deal, mostly, with the discipline of their members). By "the supremacy of Parliament", in fact, is meant the 'supremacy' of this House -since the Parliament Acts 1911 & 1949 it can bypass the House of Lords, and, since Queen Anne, in 1707, conventionally, to every Act of it the Monarch always assents.

The House of Lords are the unelected representatives, so knighted by the Monarch, some as Hereditary Lords (the eldest son inherits the title) and many increasingly as Life Peers -almost always upon the recommendation of the political parties themselves; the numbers were limited of them with voting rights by the government at the beginning of the 21st century and its members have been considered that should be selected by a panel appointed by government. Its Right to Veto the Commons has been, since 1911, inconsequential, and since 1949 within a year invalid -it serves in effect as a chamber of second opinion and its decisions are not binding on the House of Commons and occasionally have not been followed.

The Monarch, since 1707, may not veto Parliamentary Legislation; but, must formally assent to it -although she does not personally sign it, before it can become legislation.

Legislation is a law, in the form of a Statute. It is formally enacted -or made, by or by the authority of the Parliament, effective when assented to, as an Act of Parliament.

Acts of Parliament, 'Statutes' are laws, produced by the Parliament, and comprise also of less important law, with the authority of the Parliament, as Delegated Legislation.

Delegated Legislation enables the management of major Legislation by the Legislator -Health & Safety Act 1974, the COSSH Regulations 1988.

Statutory Instruments by the Executive's ministers, through other bodies, make effective such Legislation as about health and safety, transport, and as about social-security and taxation.

Orders in Council are by the Monarch with the Privy Council, in cases of emergency -also on appeal from some Commonwealth countries.

By-Laws are made, mostly, by Local Councils (Town Halls as, or as part of, County Halls) -by locally and independently elected town or county mayors and councilors with knowledge of their individual districts.

The advantages of delegating legislation is that it enables saving time, expertise, and flexibility; the disadvantages are that it gives wide powers to make laws without debate and which may not be as much publicized as the Acts of Parliament themselves and as much known to the public.

Legislating

A Bill is a proposed legislation normally producing an Act of Parliament -it normally begins with one or another type of Bill being introduced.

Types of Bills

The type of a Bill depends on who propose the legislation -as follows...

Public Bills by government, proposing legislation affecting the nation as a whole -were so introduced the Criminal Disorder Act 1998, and, the Access to Justice Act 1999.

Private Member's Bills by members of Parliament, which may be of national effect -the Arbitration Act 1967, the Disability Discrimination Act 1996, both, began so.

Private Bills by individuals, through a member of Parliament, affecting fewer -such a bill proposed the University College London Act 1996.

A Bill, with slightly variations depending on its type, before becoming Law, goes through a number of stages.

Stages of a Bill

The Stages of a Bill are, sometimes strictly, with adherence to set procedures, Readings, at both the House of Commons and the House of Lords:-

The First Reading involves formally, mostly, Naming the Bill, with its date, and making available printed copies of it, normally, with no, or very little, debate on it...

The Second Reading involves Explaining the Bill -debating its general principles, and voting on it...

The Committee Stage involves the political parties, which are represented proportionately, putting forward their views -or expert opinion being obtained on it; and at the Report Stage the House being informed of these and the Bill being voted on.

'Division' sometimes takes place on how to vote on the Bill among the Members of Parliament, and when so, an Eight-Minute Break is allowed them and their Party Whips to discuss it and to decide how to vote on it.

The Third Reading, usually, is, with any verbal amendments to the Bill, the final vote.

This procedure is followed by both of the Houses of Parliament, except that Bills may begin not at the House of Lords if they are to do with such matters as taxation.

The Royal Assent involves the Signing of a Bill that has gone through all of its previous stages successfully, by the Monarch ~but the Monarch need not, and does not, personally sign it -conventionally, the Monarch does not refuse; and, unless stated that it will become so after a time interval, from then on a Bill becomes formally an Act of Parliament, Law which often authorizes delegated legislation too.

It is considered essential to inform the public of the laws proposed and of the laws made, and this is done, at different stages, by way of publishing a White Paper, a Green Paper, and a Statute -delegated legislation also being made in printed form publicly available.

These procedures may sometimes be confusing: e.g., section 6 of Employment Protection (Consolidation) Act 1985 was a Bill introduced as being intended to be of psychological effect only and not of any legal effect before passing all of its stages and becoming Law.

JUDGE MADE LAW

Precedent, briefly. Britain, unlike the USA and the European Union countries, not having a Written Constitution, Codes of Law enacted by the representatives of the people, English Law is based on Common Law -judge-made law ~judges interpret and (also in those criminal cases where that it is increasingly considered by the government that should not sit juries) apply the law.

Where 'Written Law' -an Act of Parliament, does exists, they do so under Rules formulated by the English Courts, such as:-

The Literal Rule -where the Court does not consider the written law to require judicial interpretation, literally taking the words of the Statute…

The Golden Rule -if they consider the literary meaning to be, e.g., absurd of any Written Law, interpreting it as they would consider not perverse.

The Mischief Rule -if the Court considers it must interpret the purpose of the written law -the Intentions of Parliament, which they do under the Interpretations Act 1889 -barring reference to the Hansard (the official transcript of all words spoken in the Parliament -placed in its library).

These Rules are sometimes confusingly stated, and in relation to appeals, e.g. from cases under the Sex Discrimination Act 1975, its is stated that "no issue of law arises if the Tribunal simply misunderstood or misapplied the facts" -following reference to precedent that an issue of law arises if a decision is "inconsistent with the evidence".

A Decision, in English Law, consists of two parts, the 'Ratio Decidendi', and the 'Obiter Dicta' -the former being Precedent, the binding part, which sets out what the Principle is ~the latter being things said by the way -which are not binding but may be persuasive.

Until the late 1990's English courts and tribunals did not have to give reasons for their decisions, including in civil cases in which juries do not normally sit in Britain -European Law now requires them to do so, often if within a specific period of time ask to do so.

The Principle, unless 'distinguished' becomes 'Precedent' binding on all lower courts, and in the case of the Court of Appeal also on itself.

Precedent are reported by the Incorporated Council of Law Reporting in the Weekly Law Reports (WLR) officially, and privately in e.g., the All England Law Reports (AELR).

Precedent, to all intents and purposes, is Law until it is reversed by a higher national Court or by the European Court, or becomes obsolete by an Act of Parliament, or by European Union Law.

Judge-made Law is regarded mainly to have the advantage of being not rigid and enabling for changes more quickly than it may take parliament to make them -its disadvantage is considered to be that unlike as in the case of Codes it is law which is not by elected representatives of people.

PARLIAMENTARY SUPREMACY

The Presumption of the Supremacy of the British Parliament in respect of English Law is, briefly, based on the Monarch no longer refusing to give assent to a Bill passed by the Parliament, coupled with that of Precedent being in line with the Intentions of Parliament.

The Inconsistency of that presumption has been proposed on the fact of the European Law (including the decisions of the European Court and of its 'national branches' which are empowered to declare any law made by the British Parliament 'not law' and of no legal effect where it is the view of Europe that Britain ought not to have such a law -e.g., for the reason that it contravenes the Articles of the European Convention on Human Rights) being binding on the United Kingdom Government and on its Courts -as on all other member states of it.

Laws in the European Union states continue increasingly and rapidly to change in the course of commonization of various laws, and in Britain, within a short time of a Department of Constitutional Affairs being created in addition to the Lord Chancellor's Department, also a Ministry of Justice was added –it is wise when it may otherwise be of consequence to always ascertain what current laws are.

The author has a website at: http://www.geocities.com/eoa_uk